Noam Chomsky (Filadelfia, 7 de diciembre de 1928) es un lingüista, filósofo, politólogo y activista estadounidense. Es profesor emérito de lingüística en el Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts (MIT) y una de las figuras más destacadas de la lingüística del siglo XX, gracias a sus trabajos en teoría lingüística y ciencia cognitiva. El New York Times lo ha señalado como «el más importante de los pensadores contemporáneos».
A contiuación, el resumen sintético de las 10 estrategias de manipulación mediática planteadas por el lingüista y filósofo:
1. La estrategia de la distracción.
El elemento primordial del control social es la estrategia de la distracción, que consiste en desviar la atención del público de los problemas importantes y de los cambios decididos por las elites políticas y económicas, mediante la técnica del diluvio o inundación de continuas distracciones y de informaciones insignificantes. La estrategia de la distracción es igualmente indispensable para impedir al público interesarse por los conocimientos esenciales, en el área de la ciencia, la economía, la psicología, la neurobiología y la cibernética. “Mantener la Atención del
público distraída, lejos de los verdaderos problemas sociales, cautivada por temas sin importancia real. Mantener al público ocupado, ocupado, ocupado, sin ningún tiempo para pensar; de vuelta a granja como los otros animales” (cita del texto ‘Armas silenciosas para guerras tranquilas’).
2. Crear problemas, después ofrecer soluciones.
Este método también es llamado “problema-reacción-solución”. Se crea un problema, una “situación” prevista para causar cierta reacción en el público, a fin de que éste sea el mandante de las medidas que se desea hacer aceptar. Por ejemplo: dejar que se desenvuelva o se intensifique la violencia urbana, u organizar atentados sangrientos, a fin de que el público sea el demandante de leyes de seguridad y políticas en perjuicio de la libertad. O también: crear una crisis económica para hacer aceptar como un mal necesario el retroceso de los derechos sociales y el desmantelamiento de los servicios públicos.
3. La estrategia de la gradualidad.
Para hacer que se acepte una medida inaceptable, basta aplicarla gradualmente, a cuentagotas, por años consecutivos. Es de esa manera que condiciones socioeconómicas radicalmente nuevas fueron impuestas durante las décadas de 1980 y 1990: Estado mínimo, privatizaciones, precariedad, flexibilidad, desempleo en masa, salarios que ya no aseguran ingresos decentes, tantos cambios que hubieran provocado una revolución si hubiesen sido aplicadas de una sola vez.
4. La estrategia de diferir.
Otra manera de hacer aceptar una decisión impopular es la de presentarla como “dolorosa y necesaria”, obteniendo la aceptación pública, en el momento, para una aplicación futura. Es más fácil aceptar un sacrificio futuro que un sacrificio inmediato. Primero, porque el esfuerzo no es empleado inmediatamente. Luego, porque el público, la masa, tiene siempre la tendencia a esperar ingenuamente que “todo irá mejorar mañana” y que el sacrificio exigido podrá ser evitado. Esto da más tiempo al público para acostumbrarse a la idea del cambio y de aceptarla con resignación cuando llegue el momento.
5. Dirigirse al público como criaturas de poca edad.
La mayoría de la publicidad dirigida al gran público utiliza discurso, argumentos, personajes y entonación particularmente infantiles, muchas veces próximos a la debilidad, como si el espectador fuese una criatura de poca edad o un deficiente mental. Cuanto más se intente buscar
engañar al espectador, más se tiende a adoptar un tono infantilizante. ¿Por qué? “Si uno se dirige a una persona como si ella tuviese la edad de 12 años o menos, entonces, en razón de la sugestionabilidad, ella tenderá, con cierta probabilidad, a una respuesta o reacción también desprovista de un sentido crítico como la de una persona de 12 años o menos de edad” (ver ‘Armas silenciosas para guerras tranquilas’).
6. Utilizar el aspecto emocional más que la reflexión.
Hacer uso del aspecto emocional es una técnica clásica para causar un corto circuito en el análisis racional, y finalmente al sentido crítico de los individuos. Por otra parte, la utilización del registro emocional permite abrir la puerta de acceso al inconsciente para implantar o injertar ideas, deseos, miedos y temores, compulsiones, o inducir comportamientos…
7. Mantener al público en la ignorancia y la mediocridad.
Hacer que el público sea incapaz de comprender las tecnologías y los métodos utilizados para su control y su esclavitud. “La calidad de la educación dada a las clases sociales inferiores debe ser la más pobre y mediocre posible, de forma que la distancia de la ignorancia que planea entre las clases inferiores y las clases sociales superiores sea y permanezca imposibles de alcanzar para las clases inferiores” (ver ‘Armas silenciosas para guerras tranquilas’).
8. Estimular al público a ser complaciente con la mediocridad.
Promover al público a creer que es moda el hecho de ser estúpido, vulgar e inculto, malhablado, admirador de gentes sin talento alguno, a despreciar lo intelectual, exagerar el valor delculto al cuerpo y el desprecio por el espíritu…
9. Reforzar la autoculpabilidad.
Hacer creer al individuo que es solamente él el culpable por su propia desgracia, por causa de la insuficiencia de su inteligencia, de sus
capacidades, o de sus esfuerzos. Así, en lugar de rebelarse contra el sistema económico, el individuo se autodesvalida y se culpa, lo que genera un estado depresivo, uno de cuyos efectos es la inhibición de su acción. ¡Y, sin acción, no hay revolución!
10. Conocer a los individuos mejor de lo que ellos mismos se conocen.
En el transcurso de los últimos 50 años,los avances acelerados de la ciencia han generado una creciente brecha entre los conocimientos del público y aquellos poseídas y utilizados por las elites dominantes. Gracias a la biología, la neurobiología y la psicología aplicada, el “sistema” ha disfrutado de un conocimiento avanzado del ser humano, tanto de forma física como psicológicamente. El sistema ha conseguido conocer mejor al individuo común de lo que él se conoce a sí mismo. Esto significa que, en la mayor parte los casos, el sistema ejerce un control mayor y un gran poder sobre los individuos, mayor que el de los individuos sobre sí mismos.
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